准国家
准国家(英语:)或似国家实体(英语:)[1],包括所谓的原国家(英语:)[2][1],存在一定程度制度化的政府,可以自治,但尚未拥有主权的政治实体,接近于主权国家的状况但尚未成为主权国家[3]。
政治学研究中对准国家的精确定义会根据使用的上下文情况而变化。一些现代学者已经用它来描述自治的英国殖民地和附属地,这些殖民地和附属地实行部分殖民地方自治,但仍然作为大英帝国的重要组成部分,首先受到伦敦政府的管理[4]。同样,苏联内部拥有各行政单位的苏维埃共和国也被称为准国家[3]。
在最近的用法中,“准国家”一词最常被提起来是指那些主张并对某一地区行使某种形式的领土控制但缺乏机构凝聚力的激进分裂主义团体。准国家包括波斯尼亚战争期间的塞族共和国和黑塞哥-波斯尼亚克罗地亚共和国[5]、2012年图阿雷格叛乱期间的阿扎瓦德、叙利亚内战期间兴起的伊斯兰国[6][2][7][8]以及2014起于俄乌战争期间分裂的顿涅茨克人民共和国和卢甘斯克人民共和国。
现今准国家列表
历史上准国家列表
注释
- Although officially controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, the Gaza Strip is administered separately and has achieved its own unique sub-national status as a Palestinian proto-state.[11]
- Jubaland declared itself independent of Somalia in 1998.[13] It technically rejoined Somalia in 2001 when its ruling Juba Valley Alliance became part of the country's Transitional Federal Government. However, Jubaland has continued to persist as a more or less autonomous state.[14]
- The erosion of Portuguese military control over northern Mozambique during the Mozambican War of Independence allowed local guerrillas to establish a proto-state there, which survived until the war ended in 1974. Home to about a million people, the miniature insurgent proto-state was managed by FRELIMO's civilian wing and was able to provide administrative services, open trade relations with Tanzania, and even supervise the construction of its own schools and hospitals with foreign aid.[30]
参考数据
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A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood . . . which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. . . . a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies . . .
, Wikidata Q105755921 - . Foreign Policy. [2016-07-20]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-05).
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For Ukraine, even the formal declaration of the Ukrainian SSR, however puppet like, was extremely important. First, it somewhat legitimized the very existence of the Ukrainian state and nation, even if by an “inviolable” union with Russia. Second, it provided an opportunity to create certain state structure, establish state symbols, and even attain an only informal but, as it turned out, crucial membership in the United Nations. Third, the formal existence of the Ukrainian SSR as a distinct ethnic, territorial, and administrative entity with state like features objectively created a legitimate and psychological basis for the eventual formation of a political nation. It has proven much easier to change a nominal “sovereignty” to a real one than to build a state out of several provinces (gubernia) threatened by foreign intervention and civil war, as in 1917–20.
- Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. Dargin, Justin , 编. . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. 2013: 155–156. ISBN 978-9814397803.
- Suzuki, Eisuke. Noortmann, Math; Reinisch, August; Ryngaert, Cedric , 编. . Portland: Hart Publishing. 2015: 40. ISBN 978-1849465113.
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