农民起事
农民起事,又称农民起义、农民战争,通常意味着农村或农业人口的暴动,反抗既成的秩序或建制。[1]农民起事的起因包括农民抗税,反抗社会不平等、宗教战争、异族压迫、农奴制,要求土地重新分配,或是瘟疫和饥荒等。[2]虽然成功的农民起事会推翻旧有的秩序或建制,但它的胜利并不一定意味社会制度有重大变化。
背景

农民起事的历史跨越两千多年。 多种因素助长了农民起事现象的出现,包括:
年表
- 农民战胜
- 农民战败
- 另一个结果(例如,没有明确结果的条约或和平,战前状态,结果未知或犹豫不决)
- 冲突持续中
时间 | 事件 | 主要政权状态 | 农民 | 结果 | 图片 | 参考 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
前209~206 | 抗秦起义(包括大泽乡起义) | 中国秦朝 | 陈胜、吴广、项羽、刘邦等几位农民起义领袖 | 中国秦朝瓦解 | [3] | |
前205~186 | 埃及人的大起义 | ![]() |
分离主义法老霍尔温尼菲尔和Ankhwennefer统治下的埃及原住民农民和士兵 | 镇压叛乱 | [4] | |
17~25 | 绿林军 | 中国新朝 | 绿林军叛军 | 中国新朝灭亡; 绿林军内讧后起义领袖刘秀上台 | ||
17~27 | 赤眉军 | 中国新朝 | 赤眉军叛军 | 起义目标部分实现,但最终被刘秀击败 | ||
172~173 | 田园战争 | ![]() |
Isidorus统治下的埃及农民 | 镇压叛乱 | [5] | |
184~205 | 黄巾之乱 | 中国汉朝 | 黄巾叛军 | 镇压叛乱,但中国汉朝被严重削弱 | ![]() |
[6] |
185~205 | 黑山贼叛乱 | 中国汉朝 | 太行山匪同盟
公孙瓒的势力 |
镇压叛乱,虽然中国汉朝被严重削弱 | ||
3~5世纪 | 巴高达运动 | ![]() |
巴高达 | 获得一些领土的控制权; 以罗马帝国的全面崩溃而告终 | ||
4~5世纪晚期 | Circumcellions | ![]() 天主教会(直到435年) 汪达尔-阿兰王国(直到435年) 阿非利加地主 |
柏柏人和罗马农民
多纳图斯派当局 吉尔多统治下的(398年)罗马反叛军队 |
罗马天主教在阿非利加的统治结束,但汪达尔人和亚流教派当局镇压了叛乱 | [7] | |
611~619 | 唐朝开国战争 | 中国隋朝 | 几位叛乱领导人手下的农民
在几位叛军将领、官员和贵族的领导下叛逃军队 |
中国隋朝灭亡; 起义军内讧后起义领袖李渊上台 | ||
841~843 | Stellinga起义 | 撒克逊贵族 | Stellinga | 镇压叛乱 | ||
859~860 | 裘甫之乱 | 中国唐朝 | Ch'iu Fu治下的中国农民和土匪 | 镇压叛乱,虽然中国唐朝被严重削弱 | [8] | |
874~878 | 王仙芝叛乱 | 中国唐朝 | 王仙芝和尚让带领的中国农民和土匪 | 镇压叛乱,虽然中国唐朝被严重削弱 | [9] | |
875~884 | 黄巢之乱 | 中国唐朝 | 黄巢等中国农匪 | 镇压叛乱,虽然唐朝被严重削弱 | [10] | |
928~932 | Basil the Copper Hand叛乱 | ![]() |
Basil the Copper Hand手下的农民 | 镇压叛乱 | [11] | |
993~995 | 大蜀在四川的叛乱 | 中国宋朝 | 王小波和李顺手下的农民 | 镇压叛乱 | [12] | |
996 | 996年诺曼第农民起义 | Rodulf of Ivry和理查二世统治下的诺曼第大区 | 诺曼农民 | 镇压叛乱 | [13] | |
1277~1280 | 伊瓦伊洛起义 | ![]() |
![]() |
伊瓦伊洛谋杀案 | [14] | |
1323~1328 | 弗兰德农民起义 | ![]() |
佛拉蒙农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
|
1343~1345 | 圣乔治之夜起义 | ![]() |
爱沙尼亚农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
[15] |
1351~1368 | 红巾军 | 中国元朝朝鲜高丽 | 白莲教、摩尼教和中国农民的红巾军 | 元朝灭亡,蒙古人退入蒙古为北元; 起义军内讧后起义领袖朱元璋上台 | ||
1358 | 札克雷暴动 | ![]() |
法国农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
|
1381 | 瓦特·泰勒农民起义 | ![]() |
英国农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
|
1382 | 铅锤党暴动 | ![]() |
法国农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
[16] |
1401~1404
1409 |
萨莫吉希亚起义 | ![]()
|
萨莫吉希亚农民 | 叛乱的目标基本实现,尽管关于萨莫吉希亚的争端一直持续到 1422 年 | ||
1428 | 正长土一揆 | ![]() |
日本农民 | 取消农民债务 | ||
1437 | 外西凡尼亚农民起义 | ![]() |
外西凡尼亚农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ||
1438 | 哈尔华·格拉托普反叛 | ![]() |
挪威农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ||
1441 | 嘉吉德政一揆 | ![]() |
农民和地侍的Do-ikki(联盟) | 农债取消,室町幕府被严重削弱。 | ![]() |
[17] |
1441 | 菲因岛和日德兰半岛的农民起义 | ![]() |
丹麦农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
|
1450 | 凯德起义 | ![]() |
英国农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
[18] |
1450~1451 | John and William Merfold的起义 | ![]() |
英国农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
[19] |
1453~1454 | 1453~1454年的摩里亚起义 | ![]() |
曼努埃尔·坎塔库泽努斯统治下的希腊农民
彼得·布阿统治下的阿尔巴尼亚人
|
镇压叛乱 | [20] | |
1462~1472
1485~1486 |
记忆之战 | ![]() ![]() |
加泰罗尼亚农民
|
叛乱目标基本实现,瓜达卢佩森滕西亚签署 | ![]() |
[21] |
1467–1469 | 伊曼迪诺起义 | 加利西亚王国(卡斯蒂利亚王权) | 加利西亚农民,由加利西亚市民和部分当地下层贵族领导 | 镇压叛乱 | [22] | |
1478 | 卡林西亚农民起义 | ![]() |
卡林西亚农民 | 镇压叛乱 | ![]() |
[23] |
1482–1511 | 山城国一揆 | ![]() |
Yamashiro ikki和后来的lesser ikki
各种武士氏族 |
Most ikki submit to the shogunate in 1493, though they achieve may of their aims and continue to retain autonomy until the gradual end of the movement | [24] | |
1487–1488 | 加贺一向一揆 | Togashi clan | 一向一揆
元织氏 山川氏 |
Decisive victory for the Ikkō-ikki. | ![]() |
[25] |
1488–1582 | 一向一揆起义 | 几个主要的侍氏族(包括织田氏和德川氏)
净土宗僧兵 |
一向宗农民和地侍联盟 | Destruction of most militant Ikkō-shū leagues; Jōdo Shinshū sect and remaining Ikkō-ikki submit to Toyotomi Hideyoshi | ![]() |
[26] |
1493–1517 | 邦舒运动 | ![]() |
German Peasants | 镇压一切叛乱 | ![]() | |
1498–1878 | Opryshky movement | ![]() ![]() |
Ukrainian peasants | 抑制运动 | ![]() |
|
1511 | Friulian Revolt | ![]() |
Friulian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1514 | Poor Conrad Rebellion | ![]() |
Württemberg peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[27] |
1514 | György Dózsa Rebellion | ![]() |
Hungarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[28] |
1515 | Slovene Peasant Revolt | ![]() |
Slovene peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[29] |
1515–1523 | Frisian peasant rebellion | ![]() |
![]() ![]() |
Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1516–1521 | Trần Cảo Rebellion | Lê dynasty | Vietnamese peasants under Trần Cảo and Trần Cung | Suppression of the rebellion, though Lê dynasty is severely weakened | [30] | |
1524–1525 | 德意志农民战争 | ![]() |
German peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1524–1533 | Dalecarlian Rebellions | ![]() |
Dalarna peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1525 | Palatine Peasants' War | ![]() |
Palatine peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1534 | Skipper Clement's Rebellion | ![]() ![]() |
Danish Peasants under Skipper Clement![]() |
Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1540 | Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark | ![]() |
Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1542–1543 | 达克战争 | ![]() |
Småland peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[31] |
1549 | Kett's Rebellion | ![]() |
English peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1573 | Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt | ![]() Kingdom of Croatia |
Slovene peasantsCroatian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[32] |
1594-1637 | Croquant rebellions | ![]() |
French peasants | Suppression of all rebellions | ||
1596–1597 | Cudgel War | ![]() |
Finnish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[33] |
1606–1607 | Bolotnikov Rebellion | ![]() |
Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1626–1636 | Peasants' War in Upper Austria | ![]() |
Austrian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[34] |
1630–1645 | Rebellion of Li Zicheng | 明朝 (1630–1644)![]() |
Peasants under Li Zicheng, Gao Guiying and other generals of the Shun dynasty | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | ||
1630–1647 | Rebellion of Zhang Xianzhong | 明朝 (1630–1644)![]() |
Peasants and bandits under Zhang Xianzhong | Collapse of Ming dynasty, but suppression of the rebellion by Qing dynasty | [35] | |
1635 | Second Slovene peasants' revolt | ![]() |
Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1637–1638 | Shimabara Rebellion | ![]() ![]() |
Christian peasants and rōnin | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[36] |
1651 | Kostka-Napierski Uprising | ![]() |
Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[37] |
1652 | Guo Huaiyi Rebellion | 荷兰东印度公司Aboriginal Taiwanese | Chinese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1653 | Swiss peasant war of 1653 | ![]() |
Swiss peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[38] |
1667–1671 | Stepan Razin Rebellion | ![]() |
Russian peasantsDon Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[39] |
1669–1670 | Peasant Rebellion in Podhale | ![]() |
Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[40] |
1704 | Kuridža's Rebellion | ![]() |
Orthodox peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1705–1706 | Bavarian People's Uprising | ![]() |
Bavarian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1707–1708 | Bulavin Rebellion | ![]() |
Russian peasantsDon Cossacks | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1713 | Slovene peasant revolt in Tolmin | ![]() |
Peasants under a scattered leadership of verious leaders, including Ivan Miklavčič | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1730–1769 | Peasant revolts for the restoration of the Lê dynasty and land reforms | Trịnh lordsNguyễn lords | Vietnamese peasantsLê dynasty | Suppression of the rebellions and eventual collapse of Lê dynasty, but start of Tây Sơn Revolt | ||
1743 | Dalecarlian rebellion | ![]() |
Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1765 | Strilekrigen | ![]() |
Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1768–1769 | Koliivshchyna | ![]() ![]() |
Haidamaka movement | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1769–1788 | Tây Sơn Revolt | Nguyễn lords (until 1776)
Nguyễn Ánh's forces (since 1776) Trịnh lords (until 1786)
|
Tây Sơn dynasty | Goal of the rebellion achieved; reunification of Vietnam and introduction of land reforms under Tây Sơn dynasty | ![]() |
|
1773–1775 | Pugachev's Rebellion | ![]() |
Russian peasantsUral CossacksBashkirs | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[41] |
1784 | Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan | ![]() |
Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[42] |
1786–1787 | Lofthusreisingen | ![]() |
Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1786–1787 | Shays' Rebellion | ![]() |
American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1790 | Saxon Peasants' Revolt | ![]() |
Saxon peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[43] |
1791–1794 | Whisky Rebellion | ![]() |
American farmers | Suppression of the rebellion. | ||
1793–1796 | War in the Vendée | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1793–1804 | Chouannerie | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1794 | Kościuszko Uprising | ![]() ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[44] |
1794–1804 | 白莲教 | ![]() |
白莲教 rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1798 | Peasants' War南尼德兰农民战争 | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[45] |
1800–1802 | Lærdal Rebellion | ![]() |
Norwegian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [46] | |
1807–1820 | Jean-Baptiste Perrier's rebellion | ![]() |
Haitian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1809 | 提洛人叛乱 | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1809 | Gottscheer Rebellion | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1811 | Klågerup riots | ![]() |
Swedish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1826–1854 | Peasant uprisings during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia | ![]() |
Russian peasants | About 556 small-scale rural uprisings took place during Nicholas' reign. All were suppressed, but contributed to the Russian Emperor's reluctance to end the serfdom in Russia. | [47] | |
1832–1835 | Cabanada | ![]() |
Restorationist peasants | Rebellion subdued after the premature death of former Emperor Pedro I | ||
1834–1835 | Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35) | ![]() |
Arab peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[48] |
1835–1840 | Cabanagem | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1838–1841 | Balaiada | ![]() |
Peasants and African slaves | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1839–1845 | 抗租战争 | ![]() |
American tenant farmers | initially suppressed by the state militia, rebel anti-rent leaders arrested though they were either pardoned or not sentenced, anti-renters continued to rebel decades after the trials, the Antirenter party was formed and tenant rights were granted. | ![]() |
|
1844 | Piquet uprising | ![]() |
Piquets (Haitian peasants) under Acaau | Piquet movement leaders integrated into government, but goals not achieved | [49] | |
1846 | Acaau's second rebellion | ![]() |
Haitian peasants under Acaau | Suppression of the rebellion | [50] | |
1846 | Galician slaughter | ![]() |
Galician peasants | De facto suppression of the rebellion, although it was sparked and extinguished by the Austrian authorities and eventually led to abolition of serfdom in Galicia and Lodomeria two years later. | ![]() |
[51] |
1850–1864 | 太平天国之乱 | ![]() |
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() | |
1851–1868 | 捻乱 | ![]() |
Nian militias | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1858 | Mahtra War | ![]() |
Estonian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [52] | |
1861 | Bezdna unrest | ![]() |
Russian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [53] | |
1862 | 三政紊乱 | ![]() |
Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1884 | 秩父事件 | ![]() |
Japanese peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1892 | Jerez uprising | ![]() |
Regional fieldworkers | Suppression of the rebellion | [54] | |
1894–1895 | 东学党起义 | ![]() ![]() |
Korean peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1896–1897 | War of Canudos | ![]() |
Canudos inhabitants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1905–1908 | Maji Maji Rebellion | ![]() |
Matumbi people, Ngoni people, and other Tanganyikans | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[55] |
1907 | 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt | ![]() |
Romanian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1911 | Peasant rebellion in eastern Henan | ![]() |
Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [56][57] | |
1912-1916 | Contestado War | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1913 | Peasant revolt in Northern Shaanxi | ![]() |
Chinese poppy farmers and bandits under a sect leader | Spread of the revolt; poppy plant eradication campaign stopped | [58] | |
1914 | Peasant Revolt in Albania | ![]() |
Muslim peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1916 | Urkun | ![]() |
Kyrgyz and Kazakh peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [59] | |
1917 | October Revolution | ![]() |
Russian peasants and workers | Beginning of the Russian Civil War | ||
1918 | Arsk Uprising | ![]() |
Tatar peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1919–1922 | Rebellion of "Chu the Ninth" (Ming pretender) | ![]() |
Yellow Way Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [60] | |
1920 | Pitchfork uprising | ![]() |
"Black Eagle" rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1921 | Tambov Rebellion | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1920–1926 | Spirit Soldier rebellions of eastern Sichuan and western Hubei | ![]() |
Spirit Soldier rebels, allied warlord forces | Stalemate: Large Spirit Soldier armies are destroyed, but movement persists | [61][62][63] | |
1921 | Peasant Rebellion of Sorokino | ![]() |
Russian peasants and White Army veterans | Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1921 | Malabar rebellion | ![]() |
Indian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
[64] |
1924 | Rebellion of "Wang the Sixth" (Ming pretender) | ![]() |
Wang's followers | Suppression of the rebellion | [60] | |
1925 | Rebellion of Chu Hung-teng (Ming pretender) | ![]() |
Heavenly Gate Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [65] | |
1927 | Autumn Harvest Uprising | ![]() |
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Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1928–1929 | Red Spears' uprising in Shandong | ![]() |
Red Spear Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [66] | |
1932 | Salvadoran peasant massacre | ![]() |
Salvadoran peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1932 | Lesko uprising | ![]() |
Polish peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [67] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Su County | ![]() ![]() |
Chinese poppy farmers and gentry under Wang Xiaobai and Ma Fengshan | Suppression of the rebellion | [68] | |
1932 | Peasant uprising against poppy-tax collection in Lingbi County | ![]() |
Chinese poppy farmers under Tian Xuemin | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [68] | |
1936 | Miyun District rebellion | ![]()
|
Yellow Sand Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [69][70] | |
1944 | Peasant revolt in Beichuan County | ![]() |
Chinese poppy farmers of Xiaoyuan and Houyuan | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [71] | |
1946–1951 | Tebhaga movement | Bengal landlords | Bengal peasants (All India Kisan Sabha)![]() |
Goal of the rebellion partially achieved | [72] | |
1946–1951 | Telangana Rebellion | ![]() ![]() |
Hyderabad peasants (Andhra Mahasabha)![]() |
Goal of the rebellion achieved | ![]() |
[73] |
1947–1954 | Hukbalahap Rebellion | Template:Country data Republic of the Philippines | Filipino peasants (Hukbalahap) | Suppression of the rebellion | [74] | |
1949 | Nankar Rebellion | ![]() Various Bengali Zamindars |
Communist Party and Peasants Association | Goal of the rebellion achieved | [75] | |
1950 | Cazin rebellion | ![]() |
Yugoslavian peasants | Suppression of the rebellion | [76] | |
1952–1960 | Mau Mau Uprising | ![]() |
Kikuyu farmhanders | Suppression of the rebellion | ![]() |
|
1958 | Rebellion at Fuzhou, Jiangxi | ![]() |
Dacheng sects | Suppression of the rebellion | [77] | |
1958 | Rebellion at Yongjing | ![]() |
Rural rebels | Suppression of the rebellion | [78] | |
1959–1965 | Escambray Rebellion | ![]() |
Cuban peasants![]() ![]() ![]() |
Suppression of the rebellion | ||
1959 | Peasant rebellion at Sizhuang, Henan | ![]() |
"Regiment of Spirit Soldiers" | Suppression of the rebellion | [78] | |
1960 | Rebellion at Yongnian County | ![]() |
New Star Society | Suppression of the rebellion | [79] | |
1968–1969 | Agbekoya | ![]() |
Yoruba peasants | Goal of the rebellion achieved | ||
1969 | Rebellion at Changchun | ![]() |
Nine Palaces Way | Suppression of the rebellion | [80] | |
1969 | Rebellion at Shuangyang County | ![]() |
Mount Wutai sect | Suppression of the rebellion | [80] | |
1970s | 1970s peasant revolts in Thailand | ![]() |
Thai peasants | Peasant leaders assassinated | ![]() |
|
1975–1991 | Uprisings in Tigray and Eritrea; part of the Ethiopian Civil War | ![]() |
Tigrayan and Eritrean peasants | Derg overthrown; Eritrean independence | [81] | |
1994 | Zapatista uprising | ![]() |
Mexican indigenous peasants | Ceasefire | ![]() |
中国
马克思主义史学家认为,中国最早记录的农民暴动可能是国人暴动(西周),其后的大泽乡起义(造成秦朝灭亡的间接因素)、赤眉、绿林军(造成新朝灭亡及东汉复兴)、黄巾之乱(造成东汉灭亡及三国鼎立的远因)、黄巢之乱(间接造成唐朝灭亡)、钟相杨幺起义(北宋南宋交替之时)、红巾军(造成元朝灭亡的间接原因)、李自成(直接造成明朝灭亡)等等无不是规模巨大,影响深远的战争。中国最近一次大规模农民暴动是1850年-1864年的太平天国运动。其中太平天国起事所实施之「天朝田亩制度」有近似于共产主义的概念,此一制度受到中共官方史学家的正面评价。
民国以后也有重要的农民起事,如1927年的秋收起义,参加秋收起义的武装力量主要由两部分构成,其一为部分没有赶上参加南昌起义的原国民革命军第四集团军第二方面军总指挥部警卫团;其二为湖南平江和浏阳的农民武装、鄂南通城和崇阳的部分农民武装、安源煤矿的工人武装等,共约5000人,统一编为工农革命军第一师第一、二、三团。起义前又收编一部分原黔军武装为第四团。
在农业时代,土地是决定性生产资本,中国俗语说:「土地是命根子」。中国农民起义最初的动因便是反抗土地兼并与苛捐杂税,另一原因是各种天灾、洪水、大旱等自然灾害使许多原本食不裹腹的人们转而流亡、聚众。此外,中国历史上也不乏有目标的聚众起义,如黄巾之乱、太平天国等。这些起义往往是由于统治者的暴虐及贪婪造成社会反弹,造成的危害极大,不管那一方都将为之付出巨大的代价。推翻与恢复专制的社会演变,催生出了世界上最古老的、以农业社会为内核专制统治,直至随着生产力的发展新生的工业生产取代了农业生产的主导地位。并出现了以商业资本家为代表要求有利于公平交易、自由流通的近代民主社会才正式结束了农民起义这一社会现象。
《水浒传》在中国大陆曾被归类为农民起义小说。
21世纪初,中国各地有上演以农民为主体的群体事件,令地方当局与党政高层相当紧张,不得不动员当地的武警、公安甚至是协调军区进行「维稳」措施。
中国历代史书与中华民国政府对民间起事多以“暴动”、“之乱”、“民变”等称谓来表示,费正清等汉学家也使用此称谓[82];而中国共产党因为其成立主要依靠工农阶层,史观不同,常称其为“起义”。如:「黄巾之乱」称之为「黄巾起义」;「黄巢之乱」称之为「黄巢起义」;太平天国之乱称之为「太平天国起义」;「南昌暴动」称之为「南昌起义」,「动员戡乱」之于「解放战争」。
各时期历史演进
以下均为被中共官方史学家认定「农民起义」的起事:
- 西周,公元前841年,国人暴动。
- 秦朝,公元前209年,大泽乡起义,由平民出身的陈胜、吴广等揭竿起义,试图推翻秦朝,但被秦朝当时精锐的部队平定。
- 秦朝,公元前209年-前206年,项羽、刘邦起义,继承陈胜、吴广,推翻秦朝。
- 新朝,公元17年年-23年,赤眉、绿林军等兴起,形成以汉朝宗室刘秀为首的东汉复兴。
- 东汉,184年,黄巾军之乱。
- 西晋,301年-304年,李特、张昌之乱。
- 东晋,399年-411年,孙恩卢循之乱。
- 南齐,485年-486年,唐寓之之乱。
- 北魏,523年-530年,六镇之乱。
- 隋朝,611年-624年,隋末民变。
- 唐朝,875年-884年,黄巢之乱。
- 北宋,993年-996年,王小波、李顺起义。
- 北宋,1119年-1121年,方腊起义、宋江起义。
- 南宋,1130年-1135年,钟相、杨幺之乱。
- 金朝,1211年-1218年,红袄军。
- 元朝,1351年-1368年,红巾军之乱,元末货币浮滥发行,中原及扬州地区发生严重通货膨胀。
- 明朝,1627年-1645年(明崇祯18年),李自成及张献忠起兵反明,后由山海关守将吴三桂引清兵入关平定。
- 清朝,1851年-1864年,[83]太平天国运动,由国家科举考试失败的洪秀全召集家乡友人,综合传统信仰与外来传教士的部分学说,起兵反清。
争议
史学界对中国“农民起义”的定性和评价一直存在分歧。从领导层来看,「农民起义」领袖绝大多数都不是农民。[84]中国历史上历次民变的主要领导中,农民出身的只占少数,而且都不是领头人物,显示农民难以成为农民起义的领袖。[85]有学者认为,领袖起来“造反”的目的,不是为农民谋利益,农民参与也不是为反抗地主,甚至是被裹胁“起义”。从结果看,“起义军”所过之处,农民并未获得好处。因此中国历史上是否存在农民起义很有争议。[84]
普林斯顿大学历史系教授余英时认为,中国史上「农民起义」的领导主体从来不是务正业的农民,而是各式各样的社会边缘人。如破六韩拔陵是游牧胡族、黄巢是盐枭、李自成是作为驿卒的乡村无赖、洪秀全是客家籍的不第秀才。边缘人在治世难有展布,但一到乱世便有机会大显身手。这些人并不代表农民的利益。[86]
明末兵部尚书杨嗣昌曾作《西江月》词讽刺张献忠的起事:“不作安安饿殍,效尤奋臂螳螂。往来楚蜀肆猖狂,弄兵潢池无状。云屯雨骤师集,蛇豕奔突奚藏?许尔军民绑来降,爵赏酬功上上。”[87]
欧洲
欧洲历史上农民起事是农民反抗地主和农奴制度,包括1358年法国的扎克雷起义,1381年英国农民起义,1524年-1526年德国农民战争,1573年克罗地亚-斯洛文尼亚农民起义,和1773年-1775年俄罗斯普加乔夫起义。
欧洲的农民起事不以推翻国王为目标。
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