认知的封闭
科學哲學和心靈哲學中,認知的封閉是指,人類的心靈是沒有能力解決一些討論了很久的哲學問題的。[1] 歐文·弗蘭納根把這種立場叫做非建設性自然主義。新神秘主義的首提倡者柯林·麥金,[2][3]稱其爲先驗自然主義,承認解決方法可能只能由某種非人類智慧生物提出。根據麥金,難以解決的哲學問題包括心物問題、人格同一性、意義問題、自由意志以及知识论,無論是從先天證明的角度,還是從经验主义的立場[4]。
人物
- 柯林·麥金
- 哈耶克:對於弗里德里希·哈耶克,解釋心靈問題本身就是個邏輯上的矛盾,這種不完全性(心靈解釋自己的無能)是哥德尔不完备定理的一個例子。哈耶克不是自然主義不可知論者,即那些認爲科學目前不能提供身心問題解釋的人。哈耶克認爲,徹底上,這個問題就是解不開。[5]
- 约翰·廷德尔:見John Tyndall (1871),Fragments of Science。
現象和本體
伊曼努尔·康德在《纯粹理性批判》中,認爲人類的思想不可避免地受到範疇的限制。
量的範疇 – 單一、多數、全體
質的範疇 – 實在、否定、限制
關係的範疇 – 依存性和自存性(實性和偶性)、 因果性和獨立性、協同性模態的範疇 – 可能性或不可能性、存在或不存在、必然或偶然。
新神秘主義
變成蝙蝠會怎樣?湯瑪斯·內格爾這樣發問。 他提到了對於經驗的主觀性認知封閉的可能性,以及其對於唯物主义、还原论、科学的意義。 歐文·弗拉納根在1991年的著作《心靈的科學》(Science of the Mind)中提到,一些當代思想家認爲意識永遠不會得到解釋。弗拉納根把他們叫做“新神秘主義者”,根據的是樂隊Question Mark and the Mysterians的名字[7]根據麥金,心物問題的正確答案不能被理解,深深地寫在我們的基因裏面。
参考资料
- Leslie Marsh (ed.), Hayek in Mind: Hayek's Philosophical Psychology, Emerald Group Publishing, 2011, p. xv.
- Harris, Errol E, : 51, 2006,
McGinn's stance, while he denies the possibility of ever understanding the causal connection, may be regarded as "naturalistic" in the sense that he does not reject the validity of neuro-physiological theory, and does not doubt that brain activity accompanies conscious states.
. - Ross Wilson (ed.), The Meaning of "Life" in Romantic Poetry and Poetics, Routledge, 2009, p. 88: "[McGinn] calls his stance "transcendental naturalism..."
- McGinn, Colin. . Philosophical Studies. 1994, 76 (2–3): 133–56 [2020-02-25]. doi:10.1007/bf00989821. (原始内容存档于2019-12-10).
it combines deep epistemic transcendence with the denial that what thus transcends is thereby non-natural.
- Butos, W.N. . Advances in [[奧地利經濟學派|]]. Emerald. 2010: 127–28 [2020-02-25]. ISBN 978-1-84950975-6. (原始内容存档于2020-08-12).
1. Explanation is delimited by the apparatus of classification (the mind)... 2. An apparatus of classification cannot explain anything more complex than itself... 3. Therefore, the mind cannot fully explain itself...
- Chomsky, Noam, : 152, 1988.
- Flanagan, Owen. . 麻省理工学院出版社. 1991: 313. ISBN 978-0-262-56056-6.
- Garvey, James. . Analysis. July 1997, 57 (3): 196–201. doi:10.1111/1467-8284.00074.
Nothing he says gets him the conclusion that we cannot solve the mind-body problem, given any of these interpretations of what is cognitively closed to us
- Kirk, Robert. . Analysis. January 1991, 51 (1): 17–23. JSTOR 3328626. doi:10.2307/3328626.
He recognizes that many will find this outrageous; and indeed I think that his reasoning is fundamentally flawed and his central thesis false. But it will be worth trying to discover what has gone wrong.
- Kriegel, Uriah. . Acta Analytica. December 2003, 18 (1–2): 177–191. doi:10.1007/s12136-003-1020-1.
it is incoherent to suppose that we cannot understand what would count as a solution to a problem we can and do understand
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