蝾螺科

蝾螺科（学名：）是一个包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一个科[1]。旧属原始腹足目，现时蝾螺科是钟螺目钟螺总科之下的一个科[2]。

蝾螺科
Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 软件动物门 Mollusca
纲： 腹足纲 Gastropoda
亚纲： 古腹足亚纲 Vetigastropoda
目： 钟螺目 Trochida
总科： 钟螺总科 Trochoidea
科： 蝾螺科 Turbinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
属与种

见内文

本科在2005年的分类很庞大，包含多个亚科与物种[3]，但这些亚科后来都从蝾螺科独立出来，组成各自的科与总科，到现在又重聚到钟螺总科之下[2]。

型态特征

本科物种的一大特征，是其钙质的口盖，使之与非常近似但有着角质口盖的钟螺科物种分辨开来。蝾螺科物种坚固的口盖成为了牠们的一种被动的防御构造，得以抵挡捕食者尝试从其壳口或壳唇进侵其柔软的身体。

贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。

分布及栖息地

按照Williams et al. (2008)，蝾螺科物种由多个支序组成，而且无论在浅水区或深水区皆有其物种栖息[4]。本科物种有很广阔的分布范围，从热带到极带均有分布，但绝大多数物种都栖息于热带及亚热带的浅水区。

分类

蝾螺科原为前鳃亚纲原始腹足目蝾螺总科的成员。现时蝾螺总科成为了钟螺总科的异名。然而，这一个颇为古老的腹足纲群组很可能源于2.98亿到2.50亿年前的二叠纪[5]。本科物种的型态仍然保有多种原始的特征，例如：牠们的螺壳内的珠母层。

2005年分类

根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，蝾螺科是蝾螺总科的成员，由下列八个亚科组成[3]：

  • Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
  • 海豚螺亚科 Angariinae Gray, 1857[6]：又名棘冠螺亚科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亚科的异名。
  • 缩口螺亚科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917[7][6]
    • tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
    • tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
    • tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
    • tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
  • Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
  • † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：异名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼写错误。[8]
  • 篷螺亚科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亚科的异名。
  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008年分类
Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767), a fossil turbinid from the Pliocene of Cyprus.

根据Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蝾螺科被重新定义，还被移到钟螺总科[4]。与此同时，原来蝾螺科之下的海豚螺亚科获提至科级，成为了钟螺总科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原来蝾螺科的缩口螺亚科在提升至科级成为缩口螺科（Colloniidae）之余，再与蝾螺总科的雉螺科改为合组新的雉螺总科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae[4]。这个时候的蝾螺科包括下列五个亚科[4]：

  • 蝾螺亚科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：异名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
  • Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
  • Margaritinae [9]：根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，这个亚科由以下三个族组成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
    • tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
    • tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
    • tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：获提升至科级成为Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在2005年分类提及过的亚科都保留了：

  • Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria这个属的物种并未有包括在2010年的分子研究里[4][10]
  • † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

2017年分类

亚伦氏螺属（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到缩口螺科去[11]。

以下为本科现时余下的属[12]。

属
The shell of Guildfordia yoka, a deep water turbinid

现时本科包括以下各属：

不属于任何亚科：
  • Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
  • Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
蝾螺亚科（Turbininae）[12]
Lithopoma tectum
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
  • Prisogaster  Mörch, 1850[8]
异名：
  • Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
  • Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
  • Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
  • Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
  • Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
  • Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
  • Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
  • Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
  • † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
  • Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
  • Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
  • Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
  • † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

参考文献
  1. Bouchet, P. . WoRMS.
  2. Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. . Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
  3. Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. . Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
  4. Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.
  5. Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
  6. 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编着 (编). . 无脊椎动物 第29卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 原始腹足目 马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03） （中文（简体））.
  8. Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. . WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –WoRMS.
  10. . National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.
  11. . WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
  12. Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. . WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –WoRMS.
  13. Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. . G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). . Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.
  • Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
  • Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英语）.

外部链接
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