永援圣母

Description

Detail of the icon, showing the 米迦勒.

Close-up of the Archangel Gabriel.

The original wooden icon is suspended on the altar, measures 17" × 21" inches, and is written on hard nut wood with a gold leaf background.[1] The image depicts the following symbols:

• The Blessed Virgin Mary — wearing a dress of dark red, in Byzantine iconography the color of the Empress.[2]
• The subject shows Mary looking towards the faithful while pointing at her son, 耶稣 who is frightened by the instruments of 十字架 and is depicted with a fallen sandal.
• The left side is Saint Michael Archangel — carrying the 圣枪 and sponge of the 耶穌被釘十字架.
• On the right side is 加百列 carrying a 宗主教十字 and nails.
• The 馬利亞 (耶穌的母親) has a star on her forehead signifying her role as 海星聖母 while the cross on the side has been claimed as referring to the Greek monastery which produced the icon.

Template:RC-Mariology Byzantine depictions of the Blessed Virgin Mary in art have three stars, one star each on the shoulder and one on the forehead. This type of icon is called Hodegetria, where Mary is pointing to her Son, known as a Theotokos of the Passion.[3]

Mary is depicted with a long slender nose, thin lips, and smoothly arched eyebrows, evidence of being made by a Greek artist. The veil and her face itself are rounded, indicating holiness. The size of the mother is also out of proportion to her son, a deliberate intent by the artist to show Mary as larger than life.

The Greek inscriptions read MP-ΘΥ (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ, Mother of God), ΟΑΜ (Ὁ Ἀρχάγγελος Μιχαήλ, Michael the Archangel), ΟΑΓ (Ὁ Ἀρχάγγελος Γαβριήλ, Gabriel the Archangel) and IC-XC (Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, Jesus Christ), respectively.

The icon has a gold ground on a walnut panel, believed to be from Crete.[4] The Cretan School was the source of the many icons imported into Europe from the late Middle Ages through the Renaissance. The gold background represents the Kingdom of God.[5] The round halo surrounding the Virgin Mary's head as well as details on the robes were created through Estofado, which is an artistic effect created by scraping the paint to reveal the gold background, additional effects are achieved by chasing designs on the gold. The icon was cleaned and restored once in 1866 and again in the year 1940.

Origin and discovery

The facade of its current temple in Via Merulana, Rome.

According to the Keras Kardiotissas Monastery, the icon was painted by 圣人 Lazarus Zographos and was known as the Panagia Kardiotissa (Παναγίας Καρδιώτισσας), due to the depiction of the 天主之母 holding the Child Jesus near her heart. Historian Stergios Spanakis had argued that the miraculous icon was the reason for the founding of the monastery.[6] Cristoforo Buondelmonti, an Italian Franciscan priest and traveler who visited Crete in 1415, wrote of the icon being miraculous:

"Βαδίζαµε ανάµεσα σε πυκνοδασωµένα πετρώδη βουνά µέχρι που φθάσαµε στην εκκλησία της Καρδιώτισσας, που πολλές φορές είχε φανερωθή στους πιστούς µε θαύµατα."

The icon was stolen from the monastery in 1498.[7][8]

The earliest written account of the icon after its abduction comes from a Latin and 意大利语 plaque placed in the church of San Matteo in Via Merulana where it was first venerated by the public in 1499. The writer of the icon is unknown, but according to a parchment attached to the painting that accompanied the icon, it was stolen by a merchant sailing to 罗马 from the island of 克里特. (The Keras Kardiotissas Monastery is regarded as the monastery from which the icon was stolen.)[9] The image remained in the private possession of a Roman merchant and his family until 27 March 1499, when the icon was transferred to the church of San Matteo[10] where it remained for 300 years. The picture was then popularly called the “Madonna di San Matteo”.

The Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer maintain a robust account of the icon and its passage from the private hands of a merchant family in Rome to its final and current location at Sant'Alfonso di Liguori, on the Esquiline Hill in Rome.[11] The accounting includes the story of a merchant who secured the icon from Crete, and brought it to his family's home in Rome, during the late 15th century. The story includes a passage of a young member of the family, the six-year-old daughter of the merchant, who was visited by the Virgin Mary in a dream. Part of the accounting includes the following passage:

“At last, the Blessed Virgin Mary appeared to the six-year-old daughter of this Roman family and told her to tell her mother and grandmother that the picture of Holy Mary of Perpetual Help should be placed in the Church of Saint Matthew the Apostle, located between the basilicas of Saint Mary Major and Saint John Lateran.”

[11] The icon remained at Saint Matthew's for three centuries. For at least the final 60 years of the 18th century, St. Matthew's was occupied by the Augustinian Order of the Catholic Church. When war broke out in Rome in 1798, the icon was moved to the Church of Saint Mary in Posterula, near the "Umberto I" bridge that crosses the Tiber River in Rome. The icon remained "hidden" there until Pope Pius IX granted the possession of the icon to the Redemptorists by Papal Edict, in 1865.[11] The Church of Saint Mary in Posterula was later demolished in 1880.

According to the account by the Redemptorists: "In January 1866, Fathers Michael Marchi and Ernest Bresciani went to Saint Mary's in Posterula to receive the picture from the Augustinians.".[11] The Redemptorists had purchased the property where the former Saint Matthew's had stood, and had established and built the modern Sant'Alfonso di Liguori, in honor of the founder of their congregation. Thus, the venerated icon of the Catholic Church was returned to the location described by the Virgin Mary in the dream of the merchant's daughter, that is, at the church between Saint Mary Major and Saint John Lateran.

Redemptorist tradition holds that Pope Pius IX declared, in 1866, that the Redemptorists make the icon known to the world, and so, several copies were made and sent to Redemptorist parishes around the world. One such Redemptorist parish in the United States, Saint Mary's in Annapolis, Maryland, received a copy from Rome in 1868.[12] The image is prominently displayed within the sanctuary of the parish.

Transfer

In 1798, 法国 troops under 路易-亚历山大·贝尔蒂埃 occupied Rome as part of the 法国大革命战争, establishing the short-lived 罗马共和国 (18世纪) and taking 庇護六世 prisoner. Among the several churches demolished during the French occupation was San Matteo in Via Merulana, which housed the icon.[13] The 奧斯定會 who rescued the icon first took it to the nearby Church of St. Eusebius, then later set it up on a side altar in the Church of Santa Maria in Posterula.

In January 1855, the Redemptorist priests purchased Villa Caserta in Rome along the Via Merulana and converted it into their headquarters. Decades later, 庇護九世 invited the Redemptorist Fathers to set up a Marian house of veneration in Rome, in response to which the Redemptorists built Sant'Alfonso di Liguori at that location.[2] The Redemptorists were thus established on the Via Merulana, not knowing that it had once been the site of the Church of San Matteo and shrine of the once-famous icon.

Custodianship

The official publication of the venerated image by the Order of the Redemptorists.

庇護九世 sent a letter on 11 December 1865 to Father General Mauron, C.Ss.R., ordered that the image be once again publicly venerated in Via Merulana, the new church of Saint Alphonsus. The same Pontiff directed the Augustinian friars to surrender the original icon to the Redemptorist priests, on condition that the Redemptorists must supply the Augustinian priests with another adequate picture in exchange as a gesture of goodwill.

The instructions of the Pontifical order to the Redemptorists were:

“The 萬民福音部, Cardinal Alessandro Barnabò shall call the Superior of the community of Sancta Maria in Posterula and will tell him that it is Our desire that the image of Most Holy Mary, referred to in this petition, be again placed between Saint John the Lateran and Saint Mary Major; the Redemptorists shall replace it with another adequate picture.” — Pope Pius IX[14]

Upon its official transfer, Pope Pius IX finally gave his Apostolic Blessing and titled the icon Mater de Perpetuo Succursu (English: Mother of Perpetual Succour).

On 21 April 1866, the Redemptorist Superior General gave one of the first copies of the icon to 庇護九世. This copy is preserved in the chapel of the Redemptorists' Generalate in Rome.

On 5 May 1866, the image was granted a decree of Canonical Coronation by the 座堂主任牧師 of the 聖伯多祿大殿 Chapter in a solemn and official recognition of the Marian icon under that title. The Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Cardinal Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei, executed the rite of coronation on 23 June 1867.

The original icon remains under the care of the Redemptorist Fathers at the Church of St. Alphonsus with the latest restoration of the icon having taken place in 1990.[14]

Restoration and Carbon dating

The namesake icon crowned by Pope John Paul II for 瓦多維采, Poland in 16 June 1999.

In 1866, the icon underwent restoration by the Polish painter Leopold Nowotny (1822—1870).[15]

In 1990, the icon was taken down from its altar for new photography and image restoration commissioned by the General Government of Redemptorists. The Redemptorist Order entered into contract with the Technical Department at the 梵蒂冈博物馆 to restore the icon and prevent further fungal damage to the icon. The restoration process involved X射线, 红外线 scanning, technical analysis of the paint and 紫外线 testing along with a 放射性碳定年法 which placed the icon between the year 1325–1480. Artistic analysis of the icon revealed that the facial structure of the icon was altered due to previous overpainting, resulting in a combination of "oriental and occidental" features of the image.[16]

Pontifical approbations

• 庇護九世 granted a Pontifical decree of Canonical Coronation to the original image along with its present title on 5 May 1866. The Latin Patriarch of Constantinople, Cardinal Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei, executed the rite of coronation on 23 June 1867.
• 庇護十二世 decreed this Marian title the Patroness of Haiti (1942) and 阿尔莫拉迪, 西班牙 (1945).
• Pope John Paul II granted a canonical coronation for the following venerated images:
  • In Podgórze, Poland authorized by decree signed on 14 May 1994. The rite of coronation was executed in 26 June 1994.
  • The venerated icon in 瓦多維采, the birthplace of the pope, was crowned by his decree on 16 June 1999.
• 方濟各 (教宗) granted a Pontifical decree of coronation for the namesake image venerated in the monastery of the Redemptorist Order in 格利维采 on 22 June 2014.

Marian cult and veneration

Our Lady of Perpetual Help has been venerated across many cultures and thus bears several titles in different languages, such as Mother of Perpetual Succour, Unsere Liebe Frau von der immerwährenden Hilfe, Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro, Notre-Dame du Perpétuel Secours, Mater del Perpetuo Succursu, and Yna ng Laging Saklolo.

India

Picture of the St. Michael's Church, Mumbai.

On 8 September 1948, the Perpetual Succour Novena was started in a small way at St. Michael's Church, Mumbai at Mahim in the city of Mumbai, India. It all began in 1948 when Father Edward Fernandes, who, on his return from Europe, having seen the devotion to Our Lady of Perpetual Succour at Belfast in Ireland, brought back with him a picture – one blessed by placing it upon the original picture in Rome. The devotion spread fast and wide due to his evangelization efforts. Father Edward Fernandes was transferred from Mahim in June 1950. Today, from 6 in the morning to 10 at night, streams of devotees pour in for 12 services held in English, Konkani, Marathi, Hindi and Tamil. These multi-lingual services testify to the immense popularity of the devotion. In fact, numerous parishes across the city such as Our Lady of Egypt have adopted this novena for the convenience of their parishioners. Today, seven decades later, the devotion continues at Saint Michael of Mahim Church.

Patronage

The town of Almoradí in the 巴倫西亞自治區 of 西班牙 invokes the patronage of Our Mother of Perpetual Help. In 1918, the son of the Marquis of Ríoflorido, José Carlos, fell ill with 胸膜炎. His mother, Lady Desamparado Fontes, fed him a silk fabric cloth touched to the icon of Perpetual Help in Rome, which resulted in instantaneous healing later claimed to be miraculous. As a token of thanksgiving, Fontes officially donated funds to begin the Confraternity of Almoradí. On 29 May 1919, Our Lady of Perpetual Help was officially enthroned in Saint Andrew's Parish as the official patroness of the town. In 1945, 庇護十二世 confirmed this patronage by a pontifical decree. On its 50th anniversary in 1969, a public diocesan coronation of this image was held, directed by the town mayor and its authorities, with the crowns made by Santero artist José David.

Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also the principal 主保聖人 of Haiti.[22] According to Roman Catholic 主教 Guy Sansaricq, former Haitian president 埃利·莱斯科 and his cabinet petitioned the 聖座 to make Our Mother of Perpetual Help the Patroness of Haiti in 1942.[23] Many Haitians credit the Virgin Mary under this title with performing miracles to prevent a 天花 outbreak which ravaged the country in 1882. The Holy See approved the request for patronage under the Pontificate of 庇護十二世. Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also present in numerous Haitian public stamps used by the Office des Postes d'Haiti. In January 2010, 本篤十六世 invoked Our Lady of Perpetual Help for Haiti's earthquake relief through Archbishop Louis Kébreau.

Our Lady of Perpetual Help is also the patroness of the 天主教萨利纳教区, 堪薩斯州 in the United States,[24] of the 天主教米杜士堡教區 & the Roman Catholic Diocese of Leeds in England, and of the Catholic Diocese of Issele-Uku in Nigeria.