死藤水
死藤水(奇楚瓦语:)是Banisteriopsis属的卡皮木(Banisteriopsis caapi)和Diplopterys属的死藤(Diplopterys cabrerana)以及九节属物种所煎熬成的一种饮料。饮用后其中的N,N-二甲基色胺等致幻剂物质会发挥效用,并改变人的知觉、思维、情绪以及意识,使人产生幻觉或陷入部分领域认为的“通灵”状态。因此被当地的美洲原住民广泛应用于宗教仪式中,过程中会与萨满搭配,每个区域及不同的萨满在煎煮的过程中都有自己的调配比例,大多分布于亚马逊雨林周边区域。
研究
1950年哈佛大学植物学家 Richard Evans Schultes 记录,他在哥伦比亚的亚马逊雨林中发现死藤水被当地人用于宗教和医疗中。1993年,Charles Grob 展开死藤水对人类影响的研究。[1]
2023年根据发表在 PNAS 期刊上的一项研究[2],伦敦帝国学院招募了20名志愿者参与DMT对大脑活动影响的研究。注射20毫克的DMT后,使用脑电图和功能性磁共振成像记录志愿者服用药物前、期间、和之后的大脑活动。结果显示,DMT破坏了大脑的基本网络,导致彼此之间的区分很小。大脑的主要节奏瓦解,想像力区域连接性提升。
文化意义
死藤水在秘鲁、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、玻利维亚、厄瓜多尔尔和巴西的亚马逊文化中有着千年的渊源。
参考数据
延伸阅读
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- Lamb, Bruce F. Rio Tigre and Beyond: The Amazon Jungle Medicine of Manuel Córdova. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1985. ISBN 0-938190-59-8
- Langdon, E. Jean Matteson & Gerhard Baer, eds. Portals of Power: Shamanism in South America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8263-1345-0
- Luna, Luis Eduardo. Vegetalismo: Shamanism among the Mestizo Population of the Peruvian Amazon. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986. ISBN 91-22-00819-5
- Luna, Luis Eduardo & Pablo Amaringo. Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of A Peruvian Shaman. Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1999. ISBN 1-55643-311-5
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- 泰瑞司·麦肯南. Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution.
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- Metzner, Ralph (Editor). Sacred Vine of Spirits: Ayahuasca, (2nd ed.) Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2006. ISBN 1-59477-053-0, ISBN 978-1-59477-053-1
- Ott, J. Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History, (2nd ed.)(Paperback). Kennewick, Wash.: Natural Products, 1993. ISBN 0-9614234-9-8. ISBN 978-0-9614234-9-0
- Ott, Jonathan. . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (San Francisco: Haight-Ashbury Pub. in assoc. w. Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic). April–June 1999, 31 (2): 171–7. ISSN 0279-1072. OCLC 7565359. PMID 10438001. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741.
- Polari de Alverga, Alex. Forest of Visions: Ayahuasca, Amazonian Spirituality, and the Santo Daime Tradition. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 1999. ISBN 0-89281-716-X
- Benny Shanon. The Antipodes of the Mind: Charting the Phenomenology of the Ayahuasca Experience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-925293-9
- Rick Strassman. DMT: The Spirit Molecule: A Doctor's Revolutionary Research into the Biology of Near-Death and Mystical Experiences. Rochester, Vt.: Park Street, 2001. ISBN 0-89281-927-8
- Taussig, Michael. Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0-226-79012-6
- Tupper, Kenneth. . International Journal of Drug Policy. August 2008, 19 (4): 297–303. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.11.001.
- Tupper, Kenneth. . Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs. 2009, 9 (1): 117–136. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x.
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. (PDF). Human Rights & Drugs. 2012, 2 (1): 17–28 [2017-02-01]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-15).
- Tupper, Kenneth W.; Labate, Beatriz C. (PDF). Current Drug Abuse Reviews. 2014, 7 (2): 71–80. PMID 25563448. doi:10.2174/1874473708666150107155042. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-22).
外部链接
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