包被

包被英语:)是真菌当中包覆在大量孢子外的保护层。[1]。这种外保护层是腹菌的一种显著特征。

乳白蛋巢菌()外包覆的物质为包被。
稀有黏菌Tubifera dudkae的包被内侧表面有皱折。

描述

包被依据物种的不同,而有各种不同的厚度,当中包被可能薄到有如纸张,厚到有如橡胶般坚硬。通常包被层数会有1至3层;如果某个物种有2层包被,外面的一层称为外包被(),里面的一层称为内包被()。如果有3层包被,则会由外向内依序称为外包被、中包被()与内包被[2]

在最简单的地底型态中,包被会在孢子成熟前保持闭合状态,甚至没有裂开或打开的特殊机制,但会在孢子释放前腐烂[3]

马勃

对于大多数真菌,包被外会附有鳞片或刺。部分物种会在包被发展过程中突出地表,一般的典型物种即为马勃;通常马勃的包被会分化成2层以上,并在最外层分解为疣或刺。与之相反,最内层的包被仍维持完整与光滑,用以保护孢子。有时在地星属物种当中,其包被层数更多,并且外包被最终会从顶端分裂成不等数量的点状物。然而内层包被仍然会保持完整[4]

硬皮马勃

与马勃相反,硬皮马勃通常只有1层包被,只有3-9公分宽[5][6]。这种单层包被通常坚硬如果皮,切开来时颜色为白色,但新鲜时则为粉红色;表面颜色则有棕色到暗黄色等各种变化,而且以鳞片型态并排[7]

用法

有时特定真菌物种的包被会给予一个特别的名称。举例,剧毒鹅膏节()的包被称为蕈托鸟巢菌科的包被外层也被称为「巢」[8]

参考文献

  1. British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892
  2. Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. . New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
  3. "Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.
  4. British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007
  5. A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
  6. The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195
  7. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986
  8. Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3
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