刺猬困境
刺蝟困境（英語：，又称豪猪困境、豪猪两难说）由德國哲學家阿图尔·叔本华於《附錄與補遺》提出，是一個以刺蝟來比喻人們在建立人際關係時的一種情境的寓言故事。一群刺蝟在寒冷的天氣時會想要靠近彼此來取暖，但是當兩隻刺猬碰在一起時，又會被彼此的刺所刺傷，因此彼此又要保持一段距離。雖然雙方都想保持一個親近的關係，但又無法不刺傷彼此。
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起源
“刺蝟困境”的概念出自德国哲学家阿图尔·叔本华的《附錄與補遺》 ，第2卷，第31章，第396节[1]：
One cold winter's day, a number of porcupines huddled together quite closely in order through their mutual warmth to prevent themselves from being frozen. But they soon felt the effect of their quills on one another, which made them again move apart. Now when the need for warmth once more brought them together, the drawback of the quills was repeated so that they were tossed between two evils, until they had discovered the proper distance from which they could best tolerate one another. Thus the need for society which springs from the emptiness and monotony of men's lives, drives them together; but their many unpleasant and repulsive qualities and insufferable drawbacks once more drive them apart. The mean distance which they finally discover, and which enables them to endure being together, is politeness and good manners. Whoever does not keep to this, is told in England to 'keep his distance.' By virtue thereof, it is true that the need for mutual warmth will be only imperfectly satisfied, but on the other hand, the prick of the quills will not be felt. Yet whoever has a great deal of internal warmth of his own will prefer to keep away from society in order to avoid giving or receiving trouble or annoyance.[2] |
在一个寒冷的冬日，为了避免冻僵，一群箭猪相拥在一起取暖。但很快，它们感受到了各自对方的硬刺。这让它们被迫分开。但当取暖的需要让它们的身体再度靠在一起，身上的硬刺又再次把它们扎痛了。这些箭猪就被这两种苦处反复折腾，直到它们终于找到一段恰好最能容忍对方的距离为止。所以，出自人的内在空虚和单调的社交需要把人们赶到了一块，但各人许多令人厌恶的素质和无法让人容忍的缺点又把人们分开了。人们最后找到的、可以让大家在一起的适中距离就是礼貌周到和文雅惯例。谁要是不保持这一距离，在英国人们就会冲他喊道：Keep your distance！（保持距离！）由于保持这一距离，虽然相互取暖的需求只是有欠完美地得到了满足，但大家也就不会受到硬刺的刺痛。谁要是自身拥有足够的热量，那他就更宁愿避开社交，既不给别人麻烦，也不会受到别人的烦扰。[3] |
| —由韦启昌翻译的中文版本 |
弗洛伊德
这个概念被奥地利心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德发现并引用后，“刺蝟困境”进入了心理学领域。弗洛伊德在其1921年著作《群体心理学和自我分析》（德語：）的脚注中引用了刺猬困境。弗洛伊德在谈到他1909年的美国之行时说：“我要去美国看野豪猪并做一些讲座”[1]。
参考文献
- George Prochnik. . Cabinet Magazine. [2011-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-28）.
- Schopenhauer, Arthur. . Arthur Schopenhauer: Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays (Oxford University Press). 1851-01-01, 2: 651–652 [2020-05-01]. ISBN 978-0521871853.
- 阿图尔·叔本华. . 由韦启昌翻译. 上海人民出版社. 2020-05: 709. ISBN 9787208163300.
- 小黒祐一郎. . . AnimeStyle. 2006-05-22 [2018-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-10） （日语）.
- Veit, Walter. . Psychology Today. 2020-03-28 [2021-03-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-26）.
延伸阅读
- Maner, Jon K.; DeWall, C. Nathan; Baumeister, Roy F.; Schaller, Mark. (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007, 92: 42–55 [2015-02-08]. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.42. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-04-07）.