利奥城墙
历史
846年阿拉伯人突襲羅馬,搶掠聖伯多祿大殿。此后,教宗良四世下令修建利奥城墙,保护圣殿[2]。城墙于848年至852年期間修筑,长3公里,首次将梵蒂冈山完全包围起来。[3]。城墙上开了三个城门。[4]852年6月27日,举行了竣工庆祝活动[5]。
参考文獻
- Ferdinand Gregorovius, Annie Hamilton, tr. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 3, 1903 ch. III "The Leonine City" pp 95ff.
- Hodges, Richard. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe, p. 168. Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-9262-9
- Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, p. 195. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2
- Gregorovius/Hamilton 1903:97.
- Gregorovius/Hamilton 1903:99f.
- Gibson, Sheila and Bryan Ward-Perkins. "The Surviving Remains of the Leonine Wall". Papers of the British School at Rome, 47 (1979): 30–57.
- Hodges, Richard. Mohammed, Charlemagne & the Origins of Europe. Cornell University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8014-9262-9
- Wards-Perkins, Bryan. From Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-19-821898-2
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