规范语素

规范语素（英语：）又称不自由语素、黏着语素，在语言学中，指不能独立存在，必须附属于其他词素或词根的语素。[1] 与此相对的是自由语素。[2] 以英语为例，大多数词缀都是规范语素。如动词现在分词式的后缀「-ing」、动词过去分词式的后缀「-ed」、名词施事格后缀「-er」、表示预先的述时性前缀「pre-」等等，都是规范语素。另部份词缀如「mega-」、「hyper-」等则为自由语素。个别词素如表示之后的述时性前缀「post-」，虽然看似能够独立存在，但由於单词「post」在语义和语源上都与前缀「post-」无关，两者除拼法相同外，并无实质关系，故「post-」是规范语素。

注释

Kroeger, Paul. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 13. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.
Elson and Pickett, Beginning Morphology and Syntax, SIL, 1968, ISBN 978-0-88312-925-8, p6: Morphemes which may occur alone are called free forms; morphemes which never occur alone are called bound forms.

参见

标记语素
词缀
语素
词位

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[1] Kroeger, Paul. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2005: 13. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.

[2] Elson and Pickett, Beginning Morphology and Syntax, SIL, 1968, ISBN 978-0-88312-925-8, p6: Morphemes which may occur alone are called free forms; morphemes which never occur alone are called bound forms.