竹叶青蛇属

竹叶青属（学名：Trimeresurus），又名竹葉青蛇屬、青竹絲屬，是蝰蛇科的其中一属，主要分布在亚洲的印度、东南亚、中国以及太平洋上的岛屿，共有三十多种，台灣話稱為青竹絲，屬於破壞血小板凝固功能的出血性毒蛇。

竹叶青蛇属
白唇竹葉青（Trimeresurus albolabris）
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： Reptilia
目： 有鳞目 Squamata
亚目： 蛇亚目 Serpentes
科： 蝰科 Viperidae
亚科： 蝮蛇亞科 Crotalinae
属： 竹叶青蛇属 Trimeresurus
Lacépède, 1804
種

約30種，詳見內文。

異名
  • Cryptelytrops Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
  • Parias Gray, 1849
  • Peltopelor Vogel et al., 2004
  • Viridovipera Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004
  • Craspedocephalus
    Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
  • Trimeresura – Fleming, 1822
  • Craspedocephalus – Gray, 1825
  • Megaera Wagler, 1830
  • Atropos Wagler, 1830
  • Trimesurus Gray, 1842

特征

竹叶青蛇是具管牙、颊窝的毒蛇。牙较大，但没有蝰蛇牙大。头三角形，吻尖。尾巴后面红了一节，这是与翠青蛇最明显的区别。南亞採茶時傳職業傷害被此蛇咬到手指。

血循毒为主，平均一次排毒5毫克。人致死剂量100毫克。

分类及分布

广泛分布于除北亚、中亚、西亚和日本以外所有的亚洲，常見攀附在竹叢上。

截止2022年6月1日，根据reptile-database中的数据，本属包含43种：[1]

  • 白唇竹叶青 Trimeresurus albolabris (Gray, 1842)
  • Trimeresurus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal 2006[2]
  • 安氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus andersonii (Theobald, 1868)
  • 藏南竹叶青蛇 Trimeresurus arunachalensi Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt & Athreya, 2019
  • Trimeresurus ayeyarwadyensis Chan, Anuar, Sankar, I.T. Law, I.S. Law, Shivaram, Christian, Mulcahy & Malhotra, 2023[3]
  • Trimeresurus buniana Grismer, Grismer & McGuire 2006[4]
  • Trimeresurus calamitas Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
  • 堪氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus cantori (Blyth, 1846)
  • 豆蔻竹叶青 Trimeresurus cardamomensis (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)[6]
  • 饰尾竹叶青 Trimeresurus caudornatus Chen，Ding，Vogel & Shi, 2020
  • Trimeresurus ciliaris Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov, 2023[7]
  • 戴氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus davidi Chandramouli, Campbell & Vogel, 2020
  • 緬甸竹葉青 Trimeresurus erythrurus (Cantor, 1839)
  • 条纹竹叶青 Trimeresurus fasciatus （Boulenger, 1896)
  • 菲律宾竹叶青 Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (Gray, 1842)
  • 台灣竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus gracilis Oshima, 1920，台湾竹叶青
  • 冈氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus gumprechti (David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002)
  • 古氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus gunaleni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2014
  • 滇南竹叶青 Trimeresurus guoi Chen, Shi, Vogel & Ding, 2021
  • 哈氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus hageni (Lidth De Jeude, 1886)
  • 鸿山竹叶青 Trimeresurus honsonensis (Grismer, Ngo & Grismer, 2008)
  • 巽他竹叶青 Trimeresurus insularis Kramer, 1977
  • 坎布里竹叶青 Trimeresurus kanburiensis (Smith, 1943)
  • Trimeresurus kirscheyi Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
  • Trimeresurus kraensis Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Tawan, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 2024[8]
  • 圭布里竹叶青 Trimeresurus kuiburi Sumontha, Suntrarachun, Pauwels, Pawangkhanant, Chomngam, Iamwiriyakul & Chanhome, 2021
  • 尼科巴竹叶青 Trimeresurus labialis (Steindachner, 1867)
  • Trimeresurus lanna Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 2024[9]
  • 大眼竹叶青 Trimeresurus macrops (Kramer, 1977)[6]
  • 马氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus malcolmi (Loveridge, 1938)
  • 玛亚竹叶青 Trimeresurus mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga & Mirza, 2022[10]
  • 麦氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus mcgregori Taylor, 1919
  • 墨脫竹葉青蛇 Trimeresurus medoensis (Zhao, 1977)，墨脱竹叶青
  • 格莫尔达竹叶青 Trimeresurus mutabilis Stoliczka, 1870
  • 云斑竹叶青 Trimeresurus nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004
  • 普吉竹叶青 Trimeresurus phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011
  • 坡普竹叶青蛇 Trimeresurus popeiorum Smith, 1937
  • Trimeresurus puniceus Boie, 1827[2]，为 Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827)的异名
  • 红树竹叶青 Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (Gray in Gray & Hardwicke, 1832)
  • 红眼竹叶青 Trimeresurus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011)
  • 沙巴竹叶青 Trimeresurus sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 1981
  • 萨氏竹叶青蛇 Trimeresurus salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel, 2020
  • 舒氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus schultzei (Griffin, 1909)
  • 克拉竹叶青 Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Kramer, 1977)
  • 四川竹叶青 Trimeresurus sichuanensis (Guo & Wang, 2011)
  • 赤尾青竹絲 Trimeresurus stejnegeri (Schmidt, 1925)[11]
  • 苏门答腊竹叶青 Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822)[12]
  • 西藏竹叶青 Trimeresurus tibetanus Huang, 1982
  • 越南竹叶青 Trimeresurus truongsonensis Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh & H Cuc, 2004
  • Trimeresurus uetzi [13]
  • 泰国竹叶青 Trimeresurus venustus (Vogel, 1991)
  • 沃氏竹叶青 Trimeresurus vogeli (David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001)
  • Trimeresurus whitteni Vogel, David & Sidik, 2022[5]
  • Trimeresurus wiroti Trutnau, 1981 [2]
  • 盈江竹叶青蛇 Trimeresurus yingjiangensis Chen, Zhang, Shi, Tang, Guo, Song & Ding, 2019
  • 云南竹叶青 Trimeresurus yunnanensis (Schmidt, 1925)

2004年，英国班戈大学的阿妮塔·马尔霍特拉（Anita Malhotra）和罗杰·S·索普（Roger S Thorpe）结合半阴茎形态、鳞片特征和分子生物学证据，对广义的竹叶青属进行了系统学研究，认为广义的竹叶青属不是一个单系，恢复腺蝮属（Cryptelytrops）、等蝮属（Parias）和奇盾蝮属（Peltopelor）3属，新建了喜山蝮属（Himalayophis）、坡普蝮属（Popeia）和绿蝮属（Viridovipera）3属。[14][15]但是也有学者认为被拆分的诸属实际上是竹叶青属的亚属。[16]

参考文献
  1. Reptarium.cz Reptile Database 中的 Trimeresurus
  2. David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Vijayakumar, S.P.; Vidal, Nicolas. 2006. A revision of the Trimeresurus puniceus – complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) based on morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa. 1293:1-78
  3. Kin Onn Chan, Shahrul Anuar, Ananthanarayanan Sankar, Ingg Thong Law, Ing Sind Law, Rasu Shivaram, Ching Christian, Daniel G. Mulcahy and Anita Malhotra. 2023. A New Species of Pit-viper from the Ayeyarwady and Yangon regions in Myanmar (Viperidae, Trimeresurus). ZooKeys. 1186: 221-234. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1186.110422
  4. Grismer L. L., Grismer J. L. & McGuire J. A., 2006. A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia. Zootaxa. 1305: 1-19.
  5. Gernot Vogel, Patrick David and Irvan Sidik. 2022. A Review of the Complex of Trimeresurus hageni (Lidth de Jeude, 1886) (Squamata: Viperidae) with Descriptions of Three New Insular Species from Indonesia. TAPROBANICA. 11(2); 54–83. DOI: 10.47605/tapro.v11i2.283
  6. Malhotra, A., R. S. Thorpe, Mrinalini and B. L. Stuart. 2011. Two new species of pitviper of the genus Cryptelytrops Cope 1860 (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Southeast Asia. Zootaxa. 2757: 1–23. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/zt02757p023.pdf （页面存档备份，存于）
  7. Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Tanapong Tawan, Thanawut Worranuch, Bunyarit Dechochai, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Tan Van Nguyen, Lawan Chanhome and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2023. Limestone Jewel: A New colourful Karst-dwelling Pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the poorly explored borderlands of southern peninsular Thailand. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 697-716. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e109854
  8. Sabira S. Idiiatullina; Parinya Pawangkhanant, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Tanapong Tawan, Lawan Chanhome, Tan Van Nguyen, Patrick David, Gernot Vogel and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2024. Another New Species of Karst-associated Pitviper (Serpentes, Viperidae: Trimeresurus) from the Isthmus of Kra, Peninsular Thailand. European Journal of Taxonomy. 930(1), 20–52. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.930.2489
  9. Sabira S. Idiiatullina, Tan Van Nguyen, Parinya Pawangkhanant, Chatmongkon Suwannapoom, Lawan Chanhome, Zeeshan A. Mirza, Patrick David, Gernot Vogel and Nikolay A. Poyarkov. 2024. An Integrative Taxonomic Revision of the Trimeresurus popeiorum group of Pitvipers (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) with Descriptions of Two New Species from the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Vertebrate Zoology. 74: 303-342. DOI: 10.3897/vz.74.e113347
  10. Yashpal Singh Rathee, Jayaditya Purkayastha, Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga, Siddharth Dalal, Lal Biakzuala, Lal Muansanga and Zeeshan A. Mirza. 2022. A New Cryptic Species of Green Pit Viper of the Genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PLoS ONE. 17(5): e0268402. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268402
  11. Laura Rodrigues Vieira de Alencar, Marcio Martins, Gustavo Burin and Tiago Bosisio Quental. 2017. Arboreality Constrains Morphological Evolution but Not Species Diversification in Vipers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284(1869) DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1775
  12. Gernot Vogel, Patrick David and Irvan Sidik. 2014. On Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822), with the Designation of A Neotype and the Description of A New Species of Pitviper from Sumatra (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(2) [General Issue]: 1–29 (e80).
  13. Gernot Vogel, Tan Van Nguyen, Patrick David. 2023. A New Green Pitviper of the Trimeresurus albolabris complex (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) from central and southern Myanmar. Zootaxa. 5357(4); 515-554. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5357.4.3
  14. 郭鹏. . 四川大学. 2005 [2021-10-24]. doi:10.7666/d.y775610. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）.
  15. Malhotra A, Thorpe RS. . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2004, 32: 83–100.
  16. P David，G Vogel，A Dubois. . Zootaxa. 2011, 2992: 1–51 [2021-10-24]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2992.1.1. （原始内容存档于2021-10-24）.
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