泳装史

1920

American 1920s woman's bathing suit

During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun", at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. 嫘萦 was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits,[7] but its durability, especially when wet, proved problematic,[16] with jersey and 丝绸 also sometimes being used.[17][18]

Burlesque and 歌舞杂耍表演 performers wore two-piece outfits in the 1920s. The 1929 film 持摄影机的人 shows Russian women wearing early two-piece swimsuits which expose their midriff, and a few who are topless. Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 1930s show women wearing two-piece suits,[19] In 1928, 速比涛 introduced their racerback silk suit that was optimized to fit the body shape.[20][21]

1930

奥斯卡金像奖 winner actress 珍·惠曼 lounging on a California beach, 1935

By the 1930s men began to go without shirts for swimming,[22] and barechestedness in male swimwear became the norm by the end of the 1940s, including in competitive swimming events, in which men are not only barechested, but wear a swimming suit that is intended merely to meet public decency requirements. The norm of male barechestedness in swimwear extended to other competitive sports, such as professional boxing and professional wrestling.

By the 1930s, necklines plunged at the back, sleeves disappeared and sides were cut away and tightened. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly 乳胶 and 尼龙, through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.[12] Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such as Neptune's Daughter (1949) in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".[23] Williams, who also was an Amateur Athletic Union champion in the 100 meter 自由泳 (1939)[24][25] also portrayed Kellerman in the 1952 film Million Dollar Mermaid (titled as The One Piece Bathing Suit in UK).[26] American designer Adele Simpson, a Coty American Fashion Critics' Awards winner (1947) and a notable alumna of the New York art school 普瑞特艺术学院, who believed clothes must be comfortable and practical designed a large part of her wardrobe which included mostly one-piece suits that were considered fashionable even in the early 1980s.[27] This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and Catalina Swimwear introduced almost bare-back designs.[28]

可可·香奈尔 made suntans fashionable,[23] and in 1932 French designer 玛德琳·薇欧奈 offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown. They were seen a year later in Gold Diggers of 1933. The Busby Berkeley film Footlight Parade of 1932 showcases 花样游泳 that featured bikinis. Dorothy Lamour's The Hurricane (1937) also showed two-piece bathing suits.[19] The 1934 film, Fashions of 1934 featured chorus girls wearing two-piece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis.[29] In 1934, a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure time found that swimming, encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided, was second only to movies in popularity as free time activity out of a list of 94 activities.[2] In 1935 American designer Claire McCardell cut out the side panels of a maillot-style bathing suit, the bikini's forerunner.[30] The 1938 invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end the era of wool. Cotton sun-tops, printed with palm trees, and silk or rayon pyjamas, usually with a blouse top, became popular by 1939.[23]

Speedo racerback silk suit that uncovered the 肩胛骨 almost resulted in disqualification of 克莱尔·丹尼斯 at the 1932 Olympics,[31] but became a norm by 1936.[32] Meanwhile, men were allowed to swim in bare-chest suits in 1936, and in briefs only at the 1948 Olympics.[20][33]

1940

Wartime production during 第二次世界大战 required vast amounts of 棉花, 丝绸, 尼龙, 羊毛, 皮革, and 天然橡胶. In 1942, the United States 战时生产委员会 issued Regulation L-85, cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing[34] and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear.[35] To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers produced two-piece suits with bare midriffs.[36] The fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war.

Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure. Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.[37]

Because of the figure-hugging nature of these garments, 魅力摄影 since the 1940s and 1950s has often featured people wearing swimsuits. This type of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography exemplified by the annual 运动画刊泳装特辑. Beauty contests also required contestants to wear form-fitting swimsuits.

Two-piece swimsuits without the usual skirt panel and other superfluous material started appearing in the U.S. when the government ordered the 10% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing.[35] By that time, two-piece swimsuits were ubiquitous on American beaches. The July 9, 1945, 生活 (杂志) shows women in 巴黎 wearing similar items. 美国电影 stars like 艾娃·加德纳, 丽塔·海华丝 and 拉娜·特纳 tried similar swimwear or 泳衣.[38] 海报女郎 of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the costume were widely distributed.[9] The most provocative swimsuit was the 1946 Moonlight Buoy, a bottom and a top of material that weighed only eight ounces. What made the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large 软木 (材料) 带扣 attached to the bottoms, which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash around 天然主义 while keeping both parts of the suit afloat. 生活 (杂志) magazine had a 影像式论文 on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote, "The name of the suit, of course, suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable."[39]

1950

Swimwear of the 1940s, 50s and early 60s followed the 剪影 mostly from the early 1930s whereas after 第二次世界大战, a new wardrobe and style of vacation-swimwear arose, coupled with an increase of leisure time and bustling postwar resorts.[40] In 1951, a huge celebration called "The Festival of Britain" was promoted of everything new and modern and cast a line into the future, building on a feeling of hope.[41] Beachwear style were very popular in U.S and Europe,[40] but this fashion originated on the 蔚蓝海岸, which people was quoted this place as "A sunny place for shady people".[41] Keeping in line with the ultra-feminine look dominated by 克里斯汀·迪奥 (品牌) which brought out his one and only collection of swimwear for the Cole of California in 1955.[41] He designed a series of floral printed swimsuits with halter neckline style. It evolved into a dress followed his New Look silhouette with cinched waists and constructed bustlines, accessorized with earrings, bracelets, hats, scarves, sunglasses, hand bags and cover-ups.[42] American Women inspired by Hollywood's film stars For example, Doris Day offering a 'girl-next-door' look and the accession and coronation of the young Queen Elizabeth in February 1952 and June 1953 respectively.[43]

For the early 50s, despite the reaction to the 比基尼泳衣 worn by Brigitte Bardot in Manina, the Girl in the Bikini in 1952, most women in the 1950s still wore one-piece suits.[40] To increasing female emancipation and realized the commercial possibilities of beauty pageants, big companies launched beauty contests to find girls who could help promote products, believing that a picture of a pretty girl in a swimsuit was the best promotion. Instead of swimsuits, these contests popularized the 连身短裤, but swimsuits remained the highlight in the beauty contest.[41]

The first bikinis appeared just after 第二次世界大战. Early examples were not very different from the women's two pieces common since the 1920s, except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff. They were named after 比基尼环礁, the site of several nuclear weapons tests, for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer. Beside 克里斯汀·迪奥, some designers also launched the swimwear collection, such as Bob and Bill Meistrell of body glove and Robert and Jack O'Neill of the surf brand O'Neill.[41] Many of these pre-bikinis had fancy names like Double Entendre, Honey Child (to maximize 乳房), Shipshape (to minimize 乳房), Diamond Lil (trimmed with 仿制金刚石s and 蕾丝), Swimming In Mink (trimmed with 皮草 across the bodice) and Spearfisherman (heavy poplin with a rope belt for carrying a knife), Beau Catcher, Leading Lady, Pretty Foxy, Side Issue, Forecast, and Fabulous Fit.[39] However, the bikini was banned from the Miss World contest, following the crowning of Miss Sweden. Some people declared the bikini to be morally "indecent". Even in Europe in 1950, there was an Italian magazine also declared that the bikini should be worn purely for the sunbathing purposes or on board boats.[41]

According to Vogue (杂志) the swimwear had become more of "state of dress, not undress" by the mid-1950s.[42] Bikini had a colorful period on the cinema screens and made an impact in the late 50s, inspired by the film such as 上帝创造女人 by 罗杰·华汀, launched Bardot into the spotlight and became the benchmark for bikini on celluloid. Also, her outfit sets a whole new trend for sex symbols.[41]

Starting in the 1940s, the manufacturing advances enabled swimsuits to fit without the help of elastic, and aid as performance aid in competitive swimming.[41] In the early 1950s, other synthetics beside the screen print technique was being developed, such as polyester and acrylic, with quick-drying properties. In U.S, the 夏威夷州an -日本ese- inspired prints were often used. In Europe, Emilio Pucci moved swimwear textile on a generation when he began to design prints for Rose Marrie Reid swimwear.[40] By the late 1950s, new materials were developed and applied on the corsetry swimwear, such as Lastex, a fabric woven from artificial chromspun acetate that used for a more tightly fitted appearance.

速比涛 produced the wool and cotton swimwear for the Melbourne Olympics in 1956.[41] In 1956, Speedo became the first company to introduce 尼龙.[44]

Men's swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to women's during this period, with the shorts covering progressively less. Racing-style "speedo" suits became popular, as did 丁字裤s, G弦裤s and 比基尼泳衣 style briefs. Typically these are more popular in more 热带 regions; however, they may also be worn at public 游泳池s and inland lakes.

1960

In 1964 designer Rudi Gernreich conceived and produced the monokini,[45] a revolutionary and controversial design included a bottom that "extended from the midriff to the upper thigh"[46] and was "held up by shoestring laces that make a halter around the neck."[47][45]

1970

In the 1970s Speedo added 氨纶 to their swimsuits that improved their elasticity, durability and reduced water drag – 21 out of 22 records at the 1972 Olympics were broken using nylon/elastane suits.[20]

At the same Olympics, East German swimmers adopted suits that were tightly following the body shape, the so-called "skinsuits". They were initially made of cotton and became virtually transparent when wet. The revealing shape and transparency caused outrage among US swimmers; meanwhile, at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships, East German women won 10 of 14 events and set seven world records. Those championships became the turning point for the world to adopt the skinsuit, modified with novel synthetic materials, as a standard competitive swimwear.[48]

1980

In 1985, Gernreich unveiled the lesser known pubikini, a bathing suit meant to expose 阴毛.[49] The pubikini is a small piece of fabric that hugs the hips and buttocks but leaves the pubic region exposed,[50] described as a tiny V-shaped fabric strip and a piece de resistance totally freeing the human body.[51] It featured a thong-style bottom[52] while the front was a tiny V-shaped strip of fabric that dipped below the woman's 阴阜, exposing her 阴毛 and portions of her 女阴.[50][53] This was his last design, four weeks before his death.[54][55]

1990

Tankini and the concept of mix-and-match swimwears were the two major innovations in that genre in the late 1990s.[56] Designer Anne Cole, the US swimwear mogul, was the originator of this style.[57] Hailed as the first major innovation in women's swimsuit design in several decades, the two-piece tankini blended the freedom of a bikini with the more modest coverage of a one-piece bathing suit, and quickly captured nearly a third of the swimwear market.[58][59] Aimed at closing a gap in the swimwear market, the popularity of tankini largely came from Cole's tapping into women's anxieties about swimwear.[60] In the years following its introduction tankinis diversified in style and range, adding other big name designers such as 拉尔夫·劳伦, 唐娜·卡兰, 诺帝卡, and 卡尔文·克雷恩 (设计师).[61]

For men, longer and baggier shorts became popular in this era, with the hems often reaching to the knees. Often called boardshorts and swim trunks, these were worn lower on the hips than regular shorts.

2000

In 2005, a controversy broke out when 佛教s complained against swimwear manufacturer Ondade Mar and lingerie giant 维多利亚的秘密 started marketing tankinis featuring Buddhist iconography.[62] In the same year 耐克's breast cancer awareness swimwear collection featured four different cuts of tankini.[63]

In 2000, Speedo launched the 速比涛 suit series that mimicked shark skin. Their surface contained bumps and ridges that channeled the water over the swimmer's body approximately 3% more efficiently than traditional materials.[64][65] Those suits covered most of the body, from neck to ankles and wrists, and their shape was optimized for specific swimming strokes, compressing some body parts while allowing more freedom to the others.[66][67] Those suits were approved for the 2000 Olympics, where they helped win 83% of the medals.[64] By the next Olympics, similar suits had been developed by Tyr Sport, Inc., but they were not approved by the 世界水上运动.[68]

In July 2009, 世界水上运动 voted to ban non-textile (non-woven) swimsuits in competitive events from 2010. The new policy was implemented to combat the issues associated with performance enhancing costumes, hindering the ability to accurately measure the performance of swimmers. Subsequently, the new ruling states that men's swimsuits may maximally cover the area from the navel to the knee, and women's counterparts from the shoulder to the knee.[69][70]