民主逆差

當表面上民主的組織或機構(特別是政府)在其實踐或運作中未能實現民主原則時,就會出現民主赤字,而代議制和相關的議會誠信得到廣泛討論[1]

1977年 Young European Federalists 首次使用民主赤字一詞。[2] David Marquand 在 1979年也使用了這個短語,指的是當時的歐洲經濟共同體,即歐盟的前身。[3]

該詞彙意指表面上運作被定位成民主的組織或機構(特別指的是政府),其運作或實踐已無法滿足基層的需要,民主所產生的代表與人民之間的鴻溝持續擴大,人民在民主機制上亦形疏離,對決策無力,參與感降低,反映在現實中就是投票熱情的急速衰退,民主體制出現了入(民意流入)不敷出(決策產出)的逆差稱之。[4]

参见

參考文獻

  1. Sanford V. Levinson, How the United States Constitution Contributes to the Democratic Deficit in America, 55 Drake Law Review 859 (2007).
  2. Richard. . Federal Union. 1977-10-10 [2023-03-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-23) (英国英语).
  3. Marquand, David. 需要免费注册. Cape. 1979: 64. ISBN 978-0-224-01716-9. The resulting 'democratic deficit' would not be acceptable in a Community committed to democratic principles.Chalmers, Damian; et al. . Cambridge University Press. 2006: 64. ISBN 978-0-521-52741-5. 'Democratic deficit' is a term coined in 1979 by the British political scientist . . . David Marquand .Meny, Yves. . Journal of Common Market Studies. 2003, 41: 1–13. S2CID 154742986. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.t01-1-00408. Since David Marquand coined his famous phrase 'democratic deficit' to describe the functioning of the European Community, the debate has raged about the extent and content of this deficit.
  4. Chomsky, Noam. . Penguin Books Limited. 2007-03-29. ISBN 978-0-14-192521-9 (英语).


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